![]() ![]() Therefore, the effects of unsaturated soils on the strength characteristics and performance were unconsidered in this study. In this case, the soil suction profile remains relatively constant throughout the dry and wet seasons. As the flexible pavement is covered by an asphalt concrete layer, it helps to prevent water infiltration into the pavement structure. However, moisture may slowly accumulate below the covered area over time, causing a reduction in soil suction. The suction profile beneath a covered ground surface is more constant over time than the profile beneath an uncovered surface. ![]() In general, ignoring unsaturated effects increases the safety of the geo-structure design. As a result of variable moisture content, soil properties are relatively constant in the saturated zone but vary spatially and temporally in the unsaturated zone. The key feature of the unsaturated zone is the negative pore-water pressure or suction, which varies with soil moisture content. Soils in tropical and arid areas are always unsaturated due to climatic conditions. The study’s outcomes are predicted to promote the utilization of waste BA as a promising pavement material. The results of the M–E design demonstrate the effectiveness of the stabilized soil presented herein. The admixture of 80% BA and 5% cement is suggested for use as a soil–cement subbase material for flexible pavements, due to its good engineering and environmental properties. Based on the results obtained, the strength and stiffness characteristics of the stabilized soils indicate that the efficiency of the mix satisfied the Thailand highway specification. Finally, the benefits of using the stabilized subbase material were assessed using the mechanistic–empirical (M–E) pavement design approach. The leachate test was performed with a permeability mold to measure the release of heavy metals. ![]() X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests were conducted to investigate the mineralogical properties of the stabilized soil samples. The geotechnical engineering tests comprised the modified Proctor test, the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test, and the unconfined compression test. BA has been considered a replacement material in LS prior to the introduction of hydraulic cement stabilization means. This study evaluated the performance of lateritic soil (LS), stabilized with cement and biomass BA, as a subbase material. From the perspective of sustainable waste management and its environmental impact, waste biomass bottom ash (BA) remains problematic and challenging to use as a recycling material for civil engineering infrastructures. ![]()
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